…is brought to us by Fragmaster, who wants to teach us all about how the game Rise of the Triad came about.
AP
Speaking of turn-based strategy, today I’d like to talk about combat-oriented turn-based strategy games, specifically games that use the action point (AP) system.
In these games, you control a small group of individual units (usually soldiers). Each unit is rated differently in various categories like weapon skill, speed, hitpoints, etc. The players (or the player and the computer) take turns, and on a player’s turn he gets to move all his pieces based on how much AP they have. Typically one AP will move a unit one square or hex on the map, so units with more AP will move across the map faster. They may also be able to make more attacks in combat because each attack typically costs a set amount of AP. Some examples of these games are the Jagged Alliance series of games, the Front Mission series, the Final Fantasy Tactics series, and the X-COM series.
So, where did the AP system come from? Who first invented it?
If you trace the roots of these games, they all come back to the same parent. Readers with a knowledge of game history are probably nodding and saying, “Yep – they all come back to X-COM!” But the roots go deeper than that. While X-COM was the first tactical combat game to be a big hit, it wasn’t the first, by a mile.
You see, several years before Julian Gallop designed X-COM, he designed a little game for the ZX Spectrum called Laser Squad. (Shall I mention yet again how much we missed out because the Spectrum didn’t go over well here in the States?) Anyone who plays Laser Squad will instantly recognize it as an X-COM prototype. So Julian invented the AP system, right?
Nope. Laser Squad was basically just a computerized version of one of Julian’s favorite board games – a game very few people have heard of, called Snapshot. Snapshot (and its sequel, Azhanti High Lightning) were actually boardgame supplements to the Traveller series of science fiction roleplaying games. They were designed to be broken out whenever the party of Traveller adventurers boarded some derelict alien spacecraft, so that any ensuing combat could be played out in boardgame fashion. Julian programmed it in and created some custom scenarios for it and created Laser Squad (and its sequel, Rebelstar). And in doing so he invented the computerized AP-based tactical combat game.
Well, now that I’ve expressed my appreciation and documented some of the history of these games, I’m going to talk about the two biggest problems these games have. The two problems are related, and both stem from the boardgame roots of these games.
The first problem is, what do you do with units that still have AP at the end of their turn?
The second problem is that having one side move all its units, then the other side move all its units brings up some very unrealistic results. In both Snapshot and Azhanti High Lightning, if you had a unit with enough AP he could step out from behind a corner, fire his weapon up to three times, and then retreat back behind the corner without any opponents being able to do anything. And guess what, you can sometimes do the same thing in Jagged Alliance 2.
Designers have fought these two problems in various ways. Fallout, for instance, kept the total number of AP you had to spend on a turn very low (ten was the highest, if I remember correctly), and then added the number of unused AP you had at the end of your turn to your armor class, thus making you harder to hit. This wasn’t bad, but in Fallout you only controlled one character. The same system wasn’t as effective when you used it for a whole group, as Fallout Tactics proved.
Both the Front Mission and the Jagged Alliance series fought this problem with interrupts or counterattacks, which were cases under which you could spend your units’ AP on your opponent’s turn. But in both cases, your units needed a lot of AP to be able to interrupt, and in the case of Jagged Alliance they also had to make a perception roll just to get the interrupt.
Most recently, Front Mission 4 tried a different tactic – allowing units to be linked together by the player. Therefore, if one unit attacks, all linked units with AP attack, and if one unit counterattacks, all linked units with AP join in the counterattack. It’s too confusing, and improperly linking your units will cause them to waste AP. But in the end it was just another attempt by designers to find a way to allow all units to use all their AP on every turn.
So what’s the solution?
Well, it doesn’t appear that there is “a” solution. One solution is to allow all units to move in the order of their speed scores. But this has the problem of the double reward – faster units move sooner and get to do more on their move. Okay, then couple it with interrupts…except that this has the effect of making combat feel very choppy; a character will barely get started doing their thing before somebody else gets to butt in. This is realistic, but may not be that playable.
What I’d like to try is creating a system where everyone moves simultaneously. When one of your units needs input, the game pauses, allowing you to give that input – but the input isn’t acted on until the game unpauses, at which point everybody starts moving again. Combat might not be broken up so badly because you could tell a unit, “Run over here to the other side of the map” and that unit won’t require any new orders until he gets there. You could also tell a unit, “Fire at this enemy using aimed headshots until he is dead” and that unit also won’t require additional orders until his situation changes. I’ll need to prototype this to see if I can get it to work.
Basically, although the boardgame roots of this series have served us well, it’s time to discard them and truly use the new medium of the computer to transcend the previous games in this genre.
Iron GameDev
Voiceover: One year ago, a man’s fantasy became reality in a form never seen before: Coding Stadium. The motivation for spending his fortune to create Coding Stadium was to inspire innovation in game development, and observe the making of games which could be called true artistic creations.
To realize his dream, he sent invitations to the top men and women in the field of game development, challenging them to claim the title of Iron GameDev. The challengers have just forty-eight hours to create a complete game from start to finish. Using all their skills, senses and creativity, they are to create games never experienced before!
And if they emerge victorious, they will claim the title of Iron GameDev and receive the people’s ovation and fame forever! Every battle, reputations are on the line, where master game developers pit their artistic creations against each other. The heat will be on!
Chairman Kaga: If I recall correctly, it was just one year ago that, having experienced fifteen years worth of exquisite cuisine, my palate became bored and I turned my attention to that other obsession of my people: video games! My mind began to turn as I imagined how I might be able to do for the development of games what my Kitchen Stadium had done for cuisine, and I realized that a similar format might produce similar results. Thus, this is our first battle in Coding Stadium. The format of the competition is simple – using provided computers and resources, two teams of three developers each will have only forty-eight consecutive hours to produce new games that I have never experienced before.
Now it is time to introduce the teams that will compete for the title of Iron GameDev. I could not be more pleased with the response I received from the game industry, and I have two superb teams today.
I present to you…TEAM ENSEMBLE!
(The curtain rises and smoke billows out, obscuring the forms of three men. They are ROB FERMIER, SANDY PETERSON and LANCE HOKE. They step forward and cross their arms.)
Chairman Kaga: Rob Fermier, programmer on System Shock and lead programmer of Age of Mythology. Sandy Peterson, designer of the Call of Cthulhu role-playing game, designer on Doom, designer on Quake, and designer on all three of the Age series of games. Lance Hoke, lead artist of Age of Mythology. They will represent Ensemble Studios in this battle. They are worthy warriors, with many excellent games under their belts. They deserve a worthy opponent, and I believe I have found one.
I present…TEAM BLIZZARD!
(The right curtain rises and three men step out of the backlit smoke. They are ANDY BOND, ROB PARDO and SAM DIDIER.)
Chairman Kaga: Andy Bond, programmer on Diablo II, Warcraft III, and World of Warcraft. Rob Pardo, designer on Warcraft II, StarCraft, Warcraft III and World of Warcraft. Sam Didier, the artist who came up with Warcraft’s unique look. These men will represent Blizzard.
Fukui-San: And now let’s introduce today’s judges. In the first chair we have Richard Garriott, founder of Origin Systems and creator of the Ultima series of games.
Richard Garriott: Great to be here.
Fukui-San: In the second chair we have Alex Seropian, one of the founders of Bungie.
Alex Seropian: It’s an honor to be here.
Fukui-San: And in the third we have Chris Taylor, founder of Cavedog and creator of Total Annihilation.
Chris Taylor: I’ve really been looking forward to this.
Fukui-San: Gentlemen, welcome to GameDev Stadium! I’d say there’s just as much talent up here as there is down there; you guys could form a team of your own!
Richard, Alex and Chris: (LAUGHTER)
Fukui-San: And of course, our commentator, Dr. Yukio Hattori.
Hattori-San: Always a pleasure.
Fukui-San: Doc, the change in format here has been dramatic! Since this is our first battle in Coding Stadium, let’s go over what the new competition entails.
Hattori-San: Very well. Instead of choosing a stable of game developers, like he did Iron Chefs, the Chairman has chosen to invite game development companies to send teams of three people each to compete in the stadium. We recommend a mix of one coder, one designer and one artist, but the actual makeup of the team is up to the company.
We have outfitted the stadium with three identical computers for each team, each preloaded with an identical loadout of the most popular compilers, 3D modeling software, image processing software, music creation software and level editors. The developers must use what is on the machines – they are not allowed to bring in anything from the outside. Nor will they be allowed internet access for the duration of the battle.
Since the competition takes so long, we have also provided places for the teams to eat, sleep, watch TV and play video games. Once the competition is over and the winner has been announced, both games, along with their sources, will be available on the internet.
And yes, the teams will be given a theme for their games by the Chairman that they must follow.
Fukui-San: That sounds fantastic, but I gotta ask: with so little time, won’t the developers just come up with derivative games using tried-and-true mechanics?
Hattori-San: Well, that’s always a risk, just like it was in Kitchen Stadium, but the Chairman is hoping that the severe time limit will force developers to boil their games down to their essences, allowing the purest form of the art to shine through – as often happened in Kitchen Stadium. Okay, the Chairman is ready to announce today’s theme.
Chairman Kaga: I thought long and hard about today’s theme. Both of your companies specialize in real-time strategy games, so it was my initial decision to give you something completely unrelated, like first-person shooters. But that would have been…too obvious. I finally decided on a theme related to your specialities, but with its own quirks. Today’s theme is…TURN-BASED STRATEGY!
(DRAMATIC MUSIC plays. The members of both teams look SHOCKED.)
Fukui-San: All right, a definite change of pace in the battle today, the Chairman choosing turn-based strategy as the theme, the teams are in place, let’s get it on!
Chairman Kaga: ALLEZ FONT DES JEUX!
And then I wake up 🙁
Front Mission OST
Front Mission is a series of turn-based strategy games created and published by Square. They use the same engine as the Final Fantasy Tactics games, but the Front Mission series is set in the future, where wars are fought by large bipedal fighting robots called wanzers. (The Japanese really do seem to like those, don’t they?)
The original Front Mission was a Super Nintendo (Super Famicom) game. It was never released in the States, and boy did we miss out.
Most of us North Americanians cut our teeth on Front Mission 3. Now, while I really enjoyed playing Front Mission 3, I can’t remember a single music track from the game. Nothing from the soundtrack stayed with me.
But the Front Mission 1 OST is awesome. Yes, there are tracks on there that I don’t like, but most of it is fantastic. And the most interesting thing about the soundtrack is that it was composed by two women, Yoko Shimomura and Noriko Matsueda. My favorite tracks are:
Force Stall (Noriko Matsueda) – Typical “We Won!” music, but expertly composed, and I love that little faux trumpet trill Noriko put in there. When I first heard this track, I thought, “Ah, this is the ‘I won the game’ music!” Oh, no. This would have been a sufficient “final victory” track for any other game, but not for Front Mission.
Manifold Irons (Yoko Shimomura) – I’m going to go on record here and say that this is the best combat loop I’ve ever heard. Ever. It’s urgent but not shrill. The tone is kept low until the high instruments “break through the clouds” as it were, and even after the high instruments take over it doesn’t get on the player’s nerves (or at least, it doesn’t get on mine). Plus it’s just interesting to listen to. Too bad it plays on the enemy’s turn…
The General Situation (Noriko Matsueda) – This is played while the player is being briefed on his mission objectives. It’s very military-oriented music that doesn’t feel triumphant or sinister (you are the good guys, after all).
Ominous (Noriko Matsueda) – The name says it all. This track typically comes up during a plot point where the player is being betrayed. My favorite part of this track is the little radar ping – perfect.
Kalen (Noriko Matsueda) – Is it just me, or do the women always get the best themes in video games? This is the theme for Kalen, the main character’s girlfriend who dies in the first mission. Simple, lovely stuff.
Elegie (Yoko Shimomura) – Hey, did you know that the Super Nintendo could almost perfectly imitate a piano?
Natalie (Noriko Matsueda) – Again with the women having the best themes. This is a slow, beautiful, dancing track.
Within Living Memory… (Noriko Matsueda) – And finally we have the real ending theme. It starts as a mix of Kalen’s Theme, and then builds up to an amazing crescendo.
What you’ll notice about most of the tracks is how sad they sound. Not pity-party sad, but the true grief of lost loved ones. In fact, if there’s a theme to the soundtrack (and to the game, and to the Front Mission series in general) it’s that of the personal grief that war causes.
Meal, Ready-to-Eat
I ate some MREs this week. (Quick definition of an MRE: An MRE is a self-contained meal in a plastic pouch. The pouch contains smaller retort pouches filled with various foods. MREs are designed to last a long time at room temperature and are used by the military and disaster relief agencies.)
Now, you may be thinking, “Why would you willingly consume an MRE? Soldiers complain about them all the time!”
A couple reasons. First, I’d always been curious about them – it’s just an interesting concept. Second, all MREs have about the same number of calories and are balanced meals, which means they could help dieters. (Which I’ll get to in another post soon.)
Having eaten four MREs (clam chowder, meat loaf, pork loin and cheese tortellini), I can honestly say that today’s MREs taste pretty good, actually. The only one I didn’t like was the cheese tortellini. They are also pretty darn filling for such a small amount of food (the main entre of an MRE is eight ounces and the side entre is usually about six ounces).
Which got me to thinkin’. At my last job, we had a frozen food vending machine in the break room. It had frozen meals, as well as ice cream bars and other frozen desserts. But the thing was always breaking down – either the refrigerator would break, causing everything to thaw and go bad, or the machine wouldn’t give you your meal because the vending spring malfunctioned. And in the end, all you got was a frozen meal.
Why not have a vending machine that serves food in retort pouches, like MREs come in? You could have main dishes and side dishes, you wouldn’t have to refrigerate them (food sealed in retort pouches lasts for three years at room temperature), you could have more variety, the machine would work better, and the food would taste better. They’d taste even better than MREs do because they wouldn’t have to be made by the lowest bidder.
Why hasn’t anyone done this yet? Heck, why can’t I buy retort-packaged food at the supermarket? As far as I know, the only company using retort packages for anything is Starkist for their tuna. I guess it’s probably because everybody is set up to use cans and switching over would be a big cost…but I’ve got a feeling someone is eventually going to bring retort-packaged food to the consumer market in a big way, and I think the market is going to respond very favorably.
Hit & Myth Update
It’s coming along. Lots of tweaks made in just the last couple of days have made the game much more fun to play, and the game is stabilizing on the Gizmondo itself. I’ve got the interface stuff in and it looks nice, plus I’ve got the code necessary for translating/localizing the game in, though we don’t have the actual translated text yet.
They’re recording dialogue down the hall, so we have to keep the noise down…occasionally weird/funny stuff floats down the hall towards us.
Ah, gotta go. It’s time for me to do my voice 🙂
I love this job.
Happy Fourth!
“Life is very very short, and it’s important to give thanks for the things that are good.”
– John Linnel of They Might Be Giants, during their performance at Stubbs here in Austin
Hmmm…I’m going to come close to breaking my PSRD rule today (that is, I don’t discuss politics, sex, religion or drugs here). But I can’t help it.
I love my country. There, I said it. I love America and I love being an American. I am fully aware of just how damn lucky I was to be born and raised here. I think that the values that this country was founded on, while not perfect (because nothing is), give the greatest number of people the greatest opportunity to get what they want out of their lives.
And I think that the best way to show my gratitude is to take full advantage of the opportunities I have here. I know that I haven’t been. I resolve to do better in the future. I also resolve to continue to teach my children why it is that America succeeds when so many other countries and peoples fail, so that when they grow up they may succeed, and in doing so contribute to America’s success rather than detract from it.
Something’s Percolating
My brain is chewing over several things, and I think I’m going to end up coming to some sort of realization about the game industry, like I did in my Innovate post. But I don’t know what it is yet. So I’m kind of going to write down all the various bits that are coming together…just to kind of get my thoughts straight. Perhaps as I write, the realization will come to me.
First, I recently watched Scratch, an excellent documentary about the birth of hip-hop. I’ve also been reading Jeff Minter‘s History of Llamasoft series of articles over at Way of the Rodent, and I can’t help but notice parallels. In both cases, a small group of young men are presented with a new artistic medium and start using this medium to do “cool stuff” for their own enjoyment and to impress their friends (often to the chagrin of their parents), with no thought whatsoever that what they are doing might actually be profitable…and accidentally create a billion-dollar industry.
Second, I’ve been listening to the absolute hysterics surrounding the unveiling of the new consoles, as developers cry, “My god, these boxes are so powerful that we’re going to have to invent TIME TRAVEL in order to make games for them!” Please. Not every game has to look like that (obviously pre-rendered) Killzone 2 movie in order to succeed. I mean, the GTA games are still using RenderWare, for crying out loud, and they were outstanding successes.
Third, I’ve been thinking about the Golden Age. Ask just about any game developer and they’ll tell you that the golden age of PC gaming was about ten to fifteen years ago. But why then? Why not before then, or after then?
There were two converging factors that make 1990-1995 the “Golden Age”: barriers to entry and player expectations.
In the 1980’s, there were really only two ways to get into the game industry: learn assembly language for a popular computer and write the game yourself, or get hired by Atari, Mattel, Coleco, or one of the other first-generation console companies. Needless to say, doing either of these was damn hard, which kept the number of game developers low. But towards the end of the 80’s, the PC revolution was driving the price of hardware down, and Borland was coming out with excellent, inexpensive compilers, which meant that games could easily be written in C on the cheap. Thus, the number of game developers rose.
On the other hand, ALL games were written for a VGA screen – 320×200, 256 colors. Real, polygonal 3D was a novelty used by flight sims that were only played by hardcore sim fanatics willing to put up with 5-10 frames a second. Making content for such a setup wasn’t that hard and didn’t take that much time. Player expectations could still be fulfilled with a small team in a few months (or heck, even one talented programmer/artist). We went from high cost to entry and low player expectations to low cost to entry and still reasonably low player expectations. Thus, the Golden Age.
And then Quake came out.
I think I am only now beginning to truly understand the impact Quake had on the game industry. Yes, it made first-person shooters even more popular and spawned a hojillion imitators. Yes, it made mods easy and fun to make, creating the mod scene. Yes, it made internet play easy and fun. All this I’ve covered before.
But what Quake really did was raise player expectations through the roof. We players were very forgiving of 2D games; we were aware of the limitations of that system and thus we didn’t complain when Link’s sword mysteriously changed hands as you moved him around. Suddenly we could move around a 3D space and interact with 3D entities, and since we live in a 3D space and continually interact with real 3D entities, we know how that is supposed to look and feel, and thus billions of dollars have been spent by hardware and software developers in an effort to bring the look and feel of their 3D games closer to reality, so that player expectations can be fulfilled. And so we have the Killzone 2 movie.
(Oddly enough, almost all players have no problem falling back into “2D mode”, even now, lowering their expectations when they play a 2D game. And they do it without even realizing it. The same thing happens when we watch an animated movie as opposed to a live-action movie.)
And now we’re spending so much time making sure our in-game characters have smooth transition animations between sitting, standing, walking, running, leaning, fidgeting, idling, talking and dying that we can’t seem to spare any time to make sure they don’t run into walls – or enemy gunfire.
Is this bad?
I think it just “is”. There wasn’t any getting around it; somebody was going to do it. And yes, we are in for some growing pains as we figure our way around this new hardware.
But there really isn’t anywhere to go from here. Graphics are quickly topping out (and may already have). Both CPUs and GPUs are showing diminishing returns. Eventually all the really hard stuff we have to do right now will be handled by middleware.
What do we do then?
(Jeez. I just realized that all I’ve done is reiterated Jason Rubin’s main point from his GDC talk a few years ago. Of course, that doesn’t make me (or him) wrong.)
Game developers will have to turn back to the other, neglected fields of game development in order to set their games apart. Perhaps we will finally get an RPG that is better than Ultima VII in the world modelling department. Perhaps we will finally get a first-person shooter that has AI demonstrably better than Half-Life‘s. Perhaps we will finally get an RTS that is truly better than Starcraft, Total Annihilation or Age of Kings.
Instead of panicking and screaming about the “death of innovation”, I’m looking forward to a new Golden Age.